When I first encountered Adventure (on minicomputers set up by MIT computer club members at the Boskone science fiction convention in the mid-1970s), Adventure was in a directory named "Interactive Fiction," which is why I started the application. The first commercial version of D&D was actually published in January 1974, but some pre-release copies were in circulation toward the end of 1973.Ĭolossal Cave, and Adventure, the more refined form of that work that Don Woods created in 1976, were considered "interactive fiction" (IF) from the start, a term that creators of text adventures (no longer a commercial medium) still use today. William Crowther has put the date at 1975, "give or take a year." (see link after works cited) and Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson's tabletop role-playing game Dungeons and Dragons. None of these had any noticeable connection to story: There is no story in chess, bridge, Monopoly, or Afrika Korps.īut in the early 1970s, two things happened: Will Crowther's computer game adventure Colossal Cave, The date of the original Colossal Cave is subject to some dispute. Before 1973, if you had said something like "games are a storytelling medium," just about anyone would have looked at you as if you were mad - and anyone knowledgeable about games would have assumed you knew nothing about them.īefore 1973, the world had essentially four game styles: classic board games, classic card games, mass-market commercial board games, and the board wargame.
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